1. Definition of the terms Terpenoids/ Iridoids/ Volatile oils.

2. Classification of terpenoids (with the number of isoprene units and examples for each of the classes).

3. Classification of iridoids with examples of structures.

4. Physical and chemical properties of iridoids.

5. Types of pharmacological activities typical for iridoids (with examples of plants possessing it).

6. Classification of essential oils with examples  of structures.

7. Distribution of essential oils.

8. In which secretory structures can volatile oils be found?

9. Methods of essential oils’ obtaining (with short explanation of each of the processes).

10. Quality control of essential oils: organoleptic properties, physical and chemical parameters (with short explanation of each item).

11. Isomers of camphor and their plant sources.

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MICROSCOPICAL DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS:

1. Bogbean leaf: 1 – upper epiderm; 2 – lower epiderm; 3 – stomata; 4 – wrinkled cuticle around stomata; 5 – aerenchyma.

2. High bush cranberry bark: 1 – multilayer cork; 2 – parenchymal cells with starch grains; 3 -druses; 4 – bast fibers; 5 – sclereids; 6 – medullar rays.

3. Dandelion root: 1 – cork; 2 – secondary bark; 3 – cells with inulin; 4 – articulated laticifers; 5 – bast fiber; 6 – cambium; 7, 8 – vessels of wood.

4. Peppermint leaf: 1 – upper epiderm; 2 – lower epiderm; 3 – stomata; 4 – simple hairs; 5 – trichome; 6 – essential oil gland.

5. Sage leaf : 1 – upper epiderm; 2 – lower epiderm; 3 – stomata; 4 – essential oil gland; 5 – simple multicellular hairs; 6 – trichome.

6. Eucalyptus leaf: 1 – epidermal cells; 2 – cuticle; 3 – stomata; 4 – palisade mesophyll; 5 – spongeous tissue; 6 – calcium oxalate crystals; 7 – druses; 8 – schizogenous receptacle with essential oil; 9 – open collateral conductive bundle; 10 – cork spot.

7. Valerian root: 1 – epiderm; 2 – hypodermal cells with essential oil; 3 – parenchymal cells with starch grains; 4 – endoderm; 5 – phloem; 6 – xylem vessels; 7 – core parenchyma.

8. Calamus rhizome: 1 – aerenchyma; 2 – intercellular spaces; 3 – centrophloem bundles; 4 – cells with essential oil; 5 – collateral conductive bundles.

9. Elecampane root: 1 – schizogenous receptacle with essential oil; 2 – cells with inulin; 3 – cambium; 4 – vessels.

10. Wormwood herb: 1 – upper epiderm; 2 – lower epiderm; 3 – stomata; 4 – T-shaped trichomes; 5 – place of trichome attachment; 6 – essential oil gland.

11. Yarrow leaf: 1 – upper epiderm; 2 – lower epiderm; 3 – cuticle; 4 – stomata; 5 – simple hairs; 6 – essential oil gland; 7 – base of a hair; 8 – secretory passages along the veins.

12. Aniseed: 1 – exocarpium; 2 – epidermal trichomes; 3 – essential oil tubes (passages); 4 – endocarpium; 5 – endospermal cells with fatty oil and calcium oxalate druses.

13. Fennel fruit: 1 – exocarpium; 2 – conductive bundles in the ridges; 3 – essential oil tubes (passages); 4 – endocarpium; 5 – endospermal cells with fatty oil; 6 – cells with druses.

14. Common thyme herb: 1 – upper epiderm; 2 – lower epiderm; 3 – stomata; 4 – essential oil glands; 5 – simple haris with warty surface; 6 – papillose trichome; 7 – simple hair on the leaf margin.

15. Wild thyme herb: 1 – upper epiderm; 2 – lower epiderm; 3 – cuticle; 4 – stomata; 5 – essential oil gland; 6 – warty hair; 7 – simple hair on the leaf margin; 8 – glandular hair; 9 – papillose trichome.

16. Pot marjoram herb: 1 – rosette at the base of the gland; 2 – stomata; 3 – essential oil gland; 4 – simple hair; 5 – glandular hair.