1. Definition of the terms Saponins/ Cardiac glycosides.

2. Classification of saponins/ cardiac glycosides with examples of structures.

3. Chemical tests for saponins/ cardiac glycosides (name of the test, reagents used, result of the test).

4. Describe the physical and chemical properties of saponins/  cardiac glycosides.

5. Quantitative determination of saponins/  cardiac glycosides.

6. Effect of different types of hydrolysis on cardiac glycosides.

7. Correlation between the chemical structure and biological activity of saponins/ cardiac glycosides  with examples.

8. Which radical in the steroidal nucleus causes the effect of “cumulation” in cardiac glycosides?

9. General types of biological activity typical for saponins/ cardiac glycosides with examples of plants.

10. Difference between the Purple and Grecian Foxglove in morphology and constituents

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Microscopical description:

1. Licorice root: 1 – multilayer cork; 2 – medullar rays; 3 – crystals in parenchymal cells; 4 – bast fibers; 5 – functioning bast; 6 – cambium; 7 – vessels.

2. Horsetail herb: 1 – epidermal cells on the ribs; 2 – epidermal cells in the furrows; 3 – stomata.

3. Java tea leaf: 1 – lower epiderm; 2 – upper epiderm; 3 – stomata; 4 – simple hairs; 5 – glandular hairs; 6 – essential oil glands.

4. Purple foxglove leaf: 1 – epidermal cell; 2 – stomata; 3 – simple hairs; 4 – glandular hair.

5. Big-flowered foxglove leaf: 1 – upper epiderm; 2 – lower epiderm; 3 – stomata; 4 – large simple hairs; 5 – glandular hairs.

5. Grecian foxglove leaf: 1 – upper epiderm; 2 – lower epiderm; 3 – glandular hairs; 4 – simple hair; 5 – stomata; 6 – rosette with folded cuticle.

6. Lily-of-the-valley leaf: 1 – upper epiderm; 2 – lower epiderm; 3 – stomata; 4 – mesophyll cells; 5 – spongeous tissue; 6 – raphides; 7 – stiloids.

7. Grey wallflower herb: 1 – upper epiderm; 2 – lower epiderm; 3 – stomata; 4 – simple multiended hairs.