1. Give the definition of the term “phenolic compounds”.
2. Write the classification of phenolic compounds (class of the compounds according to the number of carbons and examples of structures to each of the classes).
3. How are the simple phenolics classified? Give examples of structures.
4. Describe physical and chemical properties of simple phenolics.
5. Describe the identification of simple phenolics (reagent used – result obtained).
6. Describe the types of pharmacological activity of simple phenolics.
7. How can bearberry and cowberry leaves be distinguished?
8. Give the definition of the term “coumarins”. Write the general structure of a coumarin.
9. Write the classification of coumarins with examples of structures.
10. Describe physical and chemical properties of coumarins.
11. Describe the identification of coumarins (reagent used – result obtained). Write the chemical reaction of azocoupling and lactone tests.
12. Which methods are used for quantitative determination of coumarins?
13. Give the definition to the term “chromones”. Write the general structure of a chromone.
14. Write the classification of chromones with examples of structures.
15. Describe physical and chemical properties of chromones.
16. Which types of pharmacological activity do coumarins and chromones have?
17. Give the definition of the term “lignans”. Write the classification of lignans, their physical and chemical properties, identification and quantitative analysis methods. Which types of pharmacological activity do lignans have?
18. Give the definition of the term “xanthones”. Write the classification of xanthones, their physical and chemical properties, identification and quantitative analysis methods. Which types of pharmacological activity do xanthones have?
19. Give the definition of the term “flavonoids”. Write the classification of flavonoids with examples of structures.
20. Write the classification of true flavonoids with examples of structures.
21. Write the classification of isoflavonoids with examples of structures.
22. Describe physical and chemical properties of flavonoids.
23. Describe the identification of flavonoids (reagent used – result obtained). Write the chemical reaction of cyanidin test.
24. Which methods are used for quantitative determination of flavonoids?
25. Describe the main types of pharmacological activity of flavonoids.
26. Write the Latin name of the medicinal plant material, plant and family of the plants which are the sources of vitamin P.
27. Write the Latin name of the medicinal plant material, plant and family of the plants which are the sources of anthocyanidins.
28. How can water pepper and redshank be distinguished?
29. Give the definition of the term “anthraquinone”. How are the anthraquinones classified?
30. Write the classification of monomer anthraquinones with examples of structures.
31. Write the classification of dimer anthraquinones with examples of structures.
32. Describe physical and chemical properties of anthracene derivatives.
33. Which methods are used for identification and quantitative determination of anthraquinones?
34. Which types of pharmacological activity do anthracene derivatives have?
35. What is the correlation between structure and pharmacological effect of anthraquinones?
36. How can alder buckthorn and common buckthorn be distinguished?
37. Give the definition of the term “tannins”.
38. Write the classification of tannins.
39. Describe physical and chemical properties of tannins.
40. Describe the identification of tannins (reagent used – result obtained).
41. Which methods are used for quantitative determination of tannins?
42. Which types of pharmacological activity do tannins have?
43. Write the Latin name of the medicinal plant material, plant and family of the plants which are the industrial sources of tannins.

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MICROSCOPICAL DESCRIPTIONS

SIMPLE PHENOLS: Bearberry: 1 – upper epidermal cells; 2 – lower epidermal cells; 3 – stomata; 4 – simple hairs (rarely found at the base of young leaves);

Cowberry: 1 – epidermal cells; 2 – stomata; 3 – gland with brown contents;

FLAVONOIDS: Motherwort: 1 – upper epidermal cells; 2 – lower epidermal cells; 3 – stomata; 4 – glandular hair; 5 – simple multicellular hair; 6 – essential oil gland;

Water pepper: 1 – upper epidermal cells; 2 – lower epidermal cells; 3 – stomata; 4 – colourless or brown glands; 5 – bundle of hairs at the leaf margin; 6 – druses; 7 – essential oil glands;

Redshank: 1 – upper epidermal cells; 2 – lower epidermal cells; 3 – stomata; 4 – essential oil gland; 5 – bundleof hairs on all the leaf blade; 6 – druses;

Tickseed: 1 – upper epidermal cells; 2 – lower epidermal cells; 3 – stomata; 4 – simple, caterpillar-like, hairs with brown contents; 5 – rosette at the base of a hair; 6 – simple thick-wall hairs at the leaf margin and along the veins; 7 – secretory passages with brown contents along the veins;

Restharrow: 1 – radial structure: phloem and xylem elements are situated in narrow radial bundles; 2 – wide medullar rays; 3 – large parenchymal cells; 4 – bast fibers; 5 – cambium; 6 – xylem vessels; 7 – tracheids; 8 – libriform; 9 – prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate;

ANTHRAQUINONES: Alder buckthorn: 1 – cork layer; 2 – collenchyma; 3 – parenchymal cells of outer bark; 4 – druses; 5 – mechanical fibres; 6 – medullar rays; 7 – groups of bast fibers surrounded by crystals;

Rhubarb: 1 – cork; 2 – phelloderm; 3 – medullar rays; 4 – cambium; 5 – parenchymal cells with starch grains; 6 – druses; 7 – xylem vessels; 8 – starch grains;

Senna: 1 – epidermal cells; 2 – rosette at the base of a hair; 3 – simple hairs with warty cuticle; 4 – stomata; 5 – druses; 6 – vein with crystal sheath;

St. John’s wort: 1 – upper epidermal cells; 2 – lower epidermal cells; 3 – stomata; 4 – receptacles with red-violet pigment; 5 – colourless receptacles;

TANNINS: Oak: 1 – multilayer cork; 2 – druses; 3 – stone cells; 4 – mechanical bundle; 5 – groups of bast fibers surrounded by crystals; 6 – crystals of calcium oxalate; 7 – medullar rays;

Burnet: 1 – cork; 2 – phelloderm; 3 – loose bark parenchyma with druses; 4 – bast fibres; 5 – cambium; 6 – vessels; 7 – medullar rays.